Linux 在 Realtek 芯片组上看不到 Wi-Fi。 “固件：加载 rt2870.bin 失败”错误（已解决）
连接带有 Realtek 芯片组的 Wi-Fi 适配器时，没有任何反应，或者设备无法正常工作。
命令
iw dev输出以下信息：
phy#0
Interface wlan0
ifindex 3
wdev 0x1
addr 52:e7:b0:49:a2:84
type managed
txpower 0.00 dBm
txpower 值为零，系统没有看到 Wi-Fi 设备。
运行命令
journalctl -f并将 Wi-Fi 适配器连接到您的计算机
Jan 27 06:09:24 HackWare-Kali kernel: usb 1-1: reset high-speed USB device number 2 using ehci-pci
Jan 27 06:09:25 HackWare-Kali kernel: ieee80211 phy0: rt2x00_set_rt: Info - RT chipset 3572, rev 0223 detected
Jan 27 06:09:25 HackWare-Kali kernel: ieee80211 phy0: rt2x00_set_rf: Info - RF chipset 0009 detected
Jan 27 06:09:25 HackWare-Kali kernel: ieee80211 phy0: Selected rate control algorithm 'minstrel_ht'
Jan 27 06:09:25 HackWare-Kali NetworkManager[612]: [1643281765.9900] device (wlan0): driver supports Access Point (AP) mode
Jan 27 06:09:25 HackWare-Kali systemd[1]: Starting Load/Save RF Kill Switch Status...
Jan 27 06:09:25 HackWare-Kali NetworkManager[612]: [1643281765.9949] manager: (wlan0): new 802.11 Wi-Fi device (/org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/Devices/3)
Jan 27 06:09:25 HackWare-Kali kernel: usbcore: registered new interface driver rt2800usb
Jan 27 06:09:26 HackWare-Kali systemd-udevd[1328]: Using default interface naming scheme 'v250'.
Jan 27 06:09:26 HackWare-Kali NetworkManager[612]: [1643281766.0124] rfkill0: found Wi-Fi radio killswitch (at /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:0b.0/usb1/1-1/1-1:1.0/ieee80211/phy0/rfkill0) (driver rt2800usb)
Jan 27 06:09:26 HackWare-Kali systemd[1]: Started Load/Save RF Kill Switch Status.
Jan 27 06:09:26 HackWare-Kali NetworkManager[612]: [1643281766.0298] device (wlan0): state change: unmanaged -> unavailable (reason 'managed', sys-iface-state: 'external')
Jan 27 06:09:26 HackWare-Kali kernel: ieee80211 phy0: rt2x00lib_request_firmware: Info - Loading firmware file 'rt2870.bin'
Jan 27 06:09:26 HackWare-Kali kernel: rt2800usb 1-1:1.0: firmware: failed to load rt2870.bin (-2)
Jan 27 06:09:26 HackWare-Kali kernel: firmware_class: See https://wiki.debian.org/Firmware for information about missing firmware
Jan 27 06:09:26 HackWare-Kali kernel: rt2800usb 1-1:1.0: Direct firmware load for rt2870.bin failed with error -2
Jan 27 06:09:26 HackWare-Kali kernel: ieee80211 phy0: rt2x00lib_request_firmware: Info - Loading firmware file 'rt2870.bin'
Jan 27 06:09:26 HackWare-Kali kernel: rt2800usb 1-1:1.0: firmware: failed to load rt2870.bin (-2)
Jan 27 06:09:26 HackWare-Kali kernel: rt2800usb 1-1:1.0: Direct firmware load for rt2870.bin failed with error -2
Jan 27 06:09:26 HackWare-Kali NetworkManager[612]: [1643281766.0307] device (wlan0): firmware may be missing.
Jan 27 06:09:26 HackWare-Kali NetworkManager[612]: [1643281766.0310] device (wlan0): set-hw-addr: set MAC address to 52:E7:B0:49:A2:84 (scanning)
Jan 27 06:09:26 HackWare-Kali dbus-daemon[611]: [system] Activating via systemd: service name='org.freedesktop.Avahi' unit='dbus-org.freedesktop.Avahi.service' requested by ':1.72' (uid=119 pid=1345 comm="/usr/libexec/colord-sane ")
Jan 27 06:09:26 HackWare-Kali dbus-daemon[611]: [system] Activation via systemd failed for unit 'dbus-org.freedesktop.Avahi.service': Unit dbus-org.freedesktop.Avahi.service not found.
Jan 27 06:09:28 HackWare-Kali ModemManager[639]: [base-manager] couldn't check support for device '/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:0b.0/usb1/1-1': not supported by any plugin
Jan 27 06:09:31 HackWare-Kali systemd[1]: systemd-rfkill.service: Deactivated successfully.
Jan 27 06:09:33 HackWare-Kali systemd[1]: blueman-mechanism.service: Deactivated successfully.
在输出中，关键行是“firmware: failed to load rt2870.bin”，即无法加载固件 rt2870.bin。
在Kali Linux中，rt2870.bin固件放在firmware-misc-nonfree包中，安装：
sudo apt install firmware-misc-nonfree在 Ubuntu、Linux Mint 及其衍生产品上，运行以下命令：
sudo apt install linux-firmware在 Debian 上，运行：
sudo apt install firmware-misc-nonfree在 Arch Linux、Manjaro、BlackArch 及其衍生产品上，运行命令：
sudo pacman -S linux-firmware安装固件并重新启动计算机后，问题将消失，Wi-Fi 适配器将工作。
请注意，Debian 及其衍生产品有一个 firmware-realtek 软件包，其中还包含 Realtek 固件。除了这两个包之外，各种发行版在不同的包中包含 Realtek 驱动程序和固件——要准确确定您需要哪个包，请在您的发行版包存储库中搜索 Wi-Fi 适配器的名称，以及驱动程序的名称和错误消息中可能出现的固件文件。
另请参阅“驱动程序和固件”部分。